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Information storage device

"Spring drive" redirects hither. For the fictional space travel method, see Hyperspace. For the flash drive brand, see Lexar.

A SanDisk Cruzer USB drive from 2011, with 4 GB of storage capacity

A SanDisk Ultra Flair USB drive from 2020, attached with an HP Laptop

A USB flash drive (i.due east. thumb drive)[one] [note 1] is a information storage device that includes wink memory with an integrated USB interface. Information technology is typically removable, rewritable and much smaller than an optical disc. Most weigh less than thirty chiliad (1 oz). Since first appearing on the marketplace in late 2000, equally with nigh all other computer memory devices, storage capacities have risen while prices have dropped. As of March 2016[update], wink drives with anywhere from viii to 256 gigabytes (GB[4]) were oft sold, while 512 GB and i terabyte (TB[5]) units were less frequent.[6] [7] As of 2018, 2 TB flash drives were the largest available in terms of storage capacity.[eight] Some allow up to 100,000 write/erase cycles, depending on the exact type of memory bit used, and are thought to physically last between 10 and 100 years under normal circumstances (shelf storage time[9]).

Common uses of USB flash drives are for storage, supplementary back-ups, and transferring of computer files. Compared with floppy disks or CDs, they are smaller, faster, have significantly more than capacity, and are more durable due to a lack of moving parts. Additionally, they are less vulnerable to electromagnetic interference than floppy disks, and are unharmed past surface scratches (unlike CDs). However, every bit with any flash storage, data loss from bit leaking due to prolonged lack of electrical power and the possibility of spontaneous controller failure due to poor manufacturing could get in unsuitable for long-term archival of data. The ability to retain data is affected by the controller'south firmware, internal data back-up, and error correction algorithms.[10] [11]

Until about 2005, well-nigh desktop and laptop computers were supplied with floppy disk drives in add-on to USB ports, but floppy disk drives became obsolete subsequently widespread adoption of USB ports and the larger USB drive capacity compared to the "1.44 megabyte" (1440 kibibyte) 3.v-inch floppy disk.

USB wink drives use the USB mass storage device class standard, supported natively by modernistic operating systems such as Windows, Linux, macOS and other Unix-like systems, also as many BIOS kick ROMs. USB drives with USB 2.0 support can store more than data and transfer faster than much larger optical disc drives like CD-RW or DVD-RW drives and tin can exist read by many other systems such as the Xbox I, PlayStation iv, DVD players, automobile entertainment systems, and in a number of handheld devices such equally smartphones and tablet computers, though the electronically similar SD carte du jour is better suited for those devices, due to their standardized form factor, which allows it to be housed inside a device without protruding.

A wink drive consists of a pocket-size printed excursion board carrying the circuit elements and a USB connector, insulated electrically and protected inside a plastic, metallic, or rubberized case, which can be carried in a pocket or on a key concatenation, for example. Some are equipped with an I/O indication LED that lights up or blinks upon access. The USB connector may be protected past a removable cap or past retracting into the body of the drive, although it is not likely to be damaged if unprotected. Well-nigh flash drives utilize a standard type-A USB connection allowing connection with a port on a personal reckoner, merely drives for other interfaces also be (e.g. micro-USB and USB-C ports). USB wink drives draw ability from the computer via the USB connection. Some devices combine the functionality of a portable media player with USB flash storage; they require a battery only when used to play music on the go.

History [edit]

The basis for USB wink drives is flash retention, a type of floating-gate semiconductor retention invented by Fujio Masuoka in the early on 1980s. Flash memory uses floating-gate MOSFET transistors as memory cells.[12] [13]

Multiple individuals take staked a claim to beingness the inventor of the USB wink drive. On April 5, 1999, Amir Ban, Dov Moran, and Oron Ogdan of K-Systems, an Israeli company, filed a patent application entitled "Architecture for a Universal Series Bus-Based PC Flash Disk".[14] [3] The patent was later on granted on November xiv, 2000 and these individuals have often been recognized as the inventors of the USB flash drive.[15] Also in 1999, Shimon Shmueli, an engineer at IBM, submitted an invention disclosure asserting that he had invented the USB flash drive.[3] [16] A Singaporean visitor named Expedition 2000 International is the first company known to accept sold a USB flash drive, and has also maintained that it is the original inventor of the device.[17] Finally Pua Khein-Seng, a Malaysian engineer, has also been recognized by some every bit a possible inventor of the device.[18]

Given these competing claims to inventorship, patent disputes involving the USB flash drive have arisen over the years. Both Expedition 2000 International and Netac Applied science have defendant others of infringing their patents on the USB flash drive.[19] [xx] [21] Nevertheless, despite these lawsuits, the question of who was the kickoff to invent the USB flash drive has not been definitively settled and multiple claims persist.

Technology improvements [edit]

Flash drives are often measured by the rate at which they transfer data. Transfer rates may exist given in megabytes per second (MB/s), megabits per 2nd (Mbit/s), or in optical drive multipliers such as "180X" (180 times 150 KiB/due south).[22] File transfer rates vary considerably among devices. 2nd generation flash drives take claimed to read at upwards to 30 MB/due south and write at about one-half that rate, which was nigh xx times faster than the theoretical transfer rate achievable by the previous model, USB ane.1, which is limited to 12 Mbit/s (one.v MB/s) with deemed overhead.[23] The effective transfer charge per unit of a device is significantly afflicted past the data access pattern.[24]

By 2002, USB flash drives had USB 2.0 connectivity, which has 480 Mbit/s as the transfer rate upper bound; afterward accounting for the protocol overhead that translates to a 35 MB/due south effective throughput.[25] That same yr, Intel sparked widespread use of 2d generation USB by including them within its laptops.[26]

By 2010, the maximum bachelor storage capacity for the devices had reached upwards of 128 GB.[27] USB three.0 was slow to appear in laptops. Through 2010, the bulk of laptop models still contained only USB 2.0.[26]

In January 2013, tech company Kingston, released a flash bulldoze with 1 TB of storage.[28] The offset USB 3.one type-C flash drives, with read/write speeds of effectually 530 MB/southward, were announced in March 2015.[29] By July 2016, flash drives with eight to 256 GB capacity were sold more than often than those with capacities between 512 GB and 1 TB.[6] [7] In 2017, Kingston Technology appear the release of a ii-TB flash bulldoze.[30] In 2018, SanDisk announced a 1TB USB-C wink drive, the smallest of its kind.[31]

Usbkey internals.jpg
Internals of a typical USB flash drive

1 USB Standard-A, "male" plug
2 USB mass storage controller device
3 Test signal
iv Flash retentivity chip
5 Crystal oscillator
6 LED (Optional)
7 Write-protect switch (Optional)
viii Infinite for second wink retentiveness chip

On a USB flash bulldoze, 1 end of the device is fitted with a single Standard-A USB plug; some wink drives additionally offer a micro USB plug, facilitating data transfers between different devices.[32]

Technology [edit]

On a USB flash bulldoze, one end of the device is fitted with a single USB plug; some flash drives additionally offer a micro USB plug, facilitating information transfers between different devices.

Inside the plastic casing is a small-scale printed excursion board, which has some power circuitry and a small number of surface-mounted integrated circuits (ICs).[ citation needed ] Typically, one of these ICs provides an interface betwixt the USB connector and the onboard memory, while the other is the flash memory. Drives typically use the USB mass storage device course to communicate with the host.[33]

Flash retentivity [edit]

Flash memory combines a number of older technologies, with lower cost, lower power consumption and small-scale size made possible past advances in semiconductor device fabrication technology. The retentivity storage was based on earlier EPROM and EEPROM technologies. These had limited chapters, were tiresome for both reading and writing, required complex high-voltage drive circuitry, and could be re-written only after erasing the entire contents of the chip.

Hardware designers afterwards developed EEPROMs with the erasure region broken up into smaller "fields" that could exist erased individually without affecting the others. Altering the contents of a particular memory location involved copying the unabridged field into an off-flake buffer memory, erasing the field, modifying the information every bit required in the buffer, and re-writing it into the aforementioned field. This required considerable estimator support, and PC-based EEPROM flash retention systems often carried their own dedicated microprocessor system. Flash drives are more or less a miniaturized version of this.

The development of loftier-speed series data interfaces such as USB made semiconductor memory systems with serially accessed storage viable, and the simultaneous development of small, loftier-speed, low-ability microprocessor systems allowed this to be incorporated into extremely compact systems. Serial access requires far fewer electrical connections for the memory fries than does parallel access, which has simplified the manufacture of multi-gigabyte drives.

Computers admission mod[update] flash memory systems very much like hard disk drive drives, where the controller organization has full control over where information is actually stored. The actual EEPROM writing and erasure processes are, however, all the same very similar to the earlier systems described to a higher place.

Many low-toll MP3 players simply add together extra software and a battery to a standard flash retentivity control microprocessor so it tin can also serve every bit a music playback decoder. Most of these players tin besides be used equally a conventional flash bulldoze, for storing files of whatever blazon.

Essential components [edit]

The internal mechanical and electronic parts of a Kingston 2 GB flash drive

In that location are typically five parts to a flash drive:

  • USB plug – provides a physical interface to the host computer. Some USB flash drives use USB plug that does not protect the contacts, with the possibility of plugging it into the USB port in the wrong orientation, if the connector type is not symmetrical.
  • USB mass storage controller – a small microcontroller with a pocket-sized amount of on-chip ROM and RAM.
  • NAND wink memory chip(due south) – stores data (NAND wink is typically besides used in digital cameras).
  • Crystal oscillator – produces the device'due south chief clock indicate and controls the device's data output through a stage-locked loop.
  • Encompass – typically made of plastic or metal, protecting the electronics against mechanical stress and even possible short circuits.

Boosted components [edit]

The typical device may also include:

The front and rear side of a USB wink drive with the casing removed

  • Jumpers and test pins – for testing during the wink drive's manufacturing or loading lawmaking into its microcontroller.
  • LEDs – signal data transfers or data reads and writes.
  • Write-protect switches – Enable or disable writing of data into memory.
  • Unpopulated space – provides space to include a second memory chip. Having this second space allows the manufacturer to use a single printed excursion lath for more than than one storage size device.
  • USB connector comprehend or cap – reduces the risk of damage, prevents the entry of dirt or other contaminants, and improves overall device appearance. Some flash drives use retractable USB connectors instead. Others accept a swivel arrangement so that the connector can be protected without removing anything.
  • Transport aid – the cap or the body frequently contains a hole suitable for connection to a central concatenation or lanyard. Connecting the cap, rather than the body, tin permit the drive itself to exist lost.
  • Some drives offer expandable storage via an internal memory card slot, much like a memory carte du jour reader.[34] [35]

Size and way of packaging [edit]

Wink drives come in various shapes and sizes, sometimes beefy or novelty, such as the shape of ikura gunkan-maki.

A USB flash drive in the shape of a cardinal

Assortment of USB flash drives

Most USB flash drives weigh less than 30 g (i oz).[36] While some manufacturers are competing for the smallest size,[37] with the biggest retentiveness, offering drives only a few millimeters larger than the USB plug itself,[38] some manufacturers differentiate their products by using elaborate housings, which are often beefy and make the drive difficult to connect to the USB port. Because the USB port connectors on a figurer housing are often closely spaced, plugging a flash drive into a USB port may cake an adjacent port. Such devices may deport the USB logo only if sold with a separate extension cable. Such cables are USB-compatible but do not arrange to the USB standard.[39] [40]

USB flash drives take been integrated into other ordinarily carried items, such equally watches, pens, laser pointers, and fifty-fifty the Swiss Army Knife; others have been fitted with novelty cases such as toy cars or Lego bricks. USB flash drives with images of dragons, cats or aliens are very popular in Asia.[41] The small size, robustness and cheapness of USB wink drives make them an increasingly pop peripheral for instance modding.

File organisation [edit]

Nigh wink drives send preformatted with the FAT32, or exFAT file systems. The ubiquity of the FAT32 file system allows the drive to be accessed on virtually whatever host device with USB support. As well, standard Fatty maintenance utilities (e.k., ScanDisk) can be used to repair or think corrupted data. Even so, considering a wink drive appears every bit a USB-continued hard bulldoze to the host system, the drive can exist reformatted to whatsoever file system supported by the host operating system.

Defragmenting [edit]

Flash drives can exist defragmented. In that location is a widespread opinion that defragmenting brings little advantage (every bit in that location is no mechanical head that moves from fragment to fragment), and that defragmenting shortens the life of the drive by making many unnecessary writes.[42] Nevertheless, some sources merits[43] that defragmenting a wink drive can better performance (mostly due to improved caching of the clustered data), and the additional wear on flash drives may non exist significant.

Even distribution [edit]

Some file systems are designed to distribute usage over an unabridged retention device without concentrating usage on any function (east.g., for a directory) to prolong the life of simple flash memory devices. Some USB flash drives take this 'wear leveling' characteristic built into the software controller to prolong device life, while others do not, so it is not necessarily helpful to install one of these file systems.[44]

Hard disk drive [edit]

Sectors are 512 bytes long, for compatibility with hard disk drives, and the first sector can contain a chief kick tape and a partition tabular array. Therefore, USB flash units tin be partitioned just like hd drives.

Longevity [edit]

The memory in flash drives was commonly engineered with multi-level jail cell (MLC) based retentivity that is good for around 3,000-5,000 plan-erase cycles.[45] Nowadays Triple-level Cell (TLC) is as well often used, which has up to 500 write cycles per physical sector, while some high-end flash drives have single-level cell (SLC) based memory that is proficient for around 30,000 writes.[46] At that place is virtually no limit to the number of reads from such wink memory, and so a well-worn USB drive may be write-protected to help ensure the life of individual cells.

Interpretation of wink memory endurance is a challenging subject that depends on the SLC/MLC/TLC memory type, size of the flash memory chips, and bodily usage pattern. As a result, a USB flash drive can concluding from a few days to several hundred years.[47]

Regardless of the endurance of the memory itself, the USB connector hardware is specified to withstand only around one,500 insert-removal cycles.[48]

Counterfeit products [edit]

Apocryphal USB wink drives are sometimes sold with claims of having higher capacities than they actually have. These are typically low chapters USB drives whose wink retention controller firmware is modified so that they emulate larger capacity drives (for example, a 2 GB drive being marketed equally a 64 GB drive). When plugged into a estimator, they report themselves as being the larger capacity they were sold as, but when information is written to them, either the write fails, the drive freezes up, or it overwrites existing data. Software tools be to check and detect imitation USB drives,[49] [50] and in some cases it is possible to repair these devices to remove the false chapters information and use its real storage limit.[51]

File transfer speeds [edit]

Transfer speeds are technically determined by the slowest of three factors: the USB version used, the speed in which the USB controller device can read and write data onto the wink retentivity, and the speed of the hardware bus, especially in the case of improver USB ports.

USB flash drives ordinarily specify their read and write speeds in megabytes per second (MB/south); read speed is usually faster. These speeds are for optimal weather condition; real-globe speeds are usually slower. In particular, circumstances that frequently lead to speeds much lower than advertised are transfer (especially writing) of many modest files rather than a few very large ones, and mixed reading and writing to the aforementioned device.

In a typical well-conducted review of a number of high-performance USB 3.0 drives, a drive that could read large files at 68 MB/s and write at 46 MB/s, could simply manage 14 MB/s and 0.iii MB/s with many small files. When combining streaming reads and writes the speed of another drive, that could read at 92 MB/s and write at seventy MB/southward, was 8 MB/s. These differences differ radically from one drive to another; some drives could write small files at over 10% of the speed for large ones. The examples given are called to illustrate extremes.[52]

Uses [edit]

Personal data transport [edit]

The nearly common utilise of flash drives is to ship and shop personal files, such as documents, pictures and videos. Individuals likewise store medical data on wink drives for emergencies and disaster preparation.

Secure storage of data, application and software files [edit]

With wide deployment(southward) of flash drives being used in various environments (secured or otherwise), the issue of information and information security remains important. The apply of biometrics and encryption is becoming the norm with the need for increased security for data; on-the-fly encryption systems are particularly useful in this regard, as they can transparently encrypt large amounts of data. In some cases a secure USB drive may use a hardware-based encryption mechanism that uses a hardware module instead of software for strongly encrypting data. IEEE 1667 is an attempt to create a generic hallmark platform for USB drives. Information technology is supported in Windows vii and Windows Vista (Service Pack 2 with a hotfix).[53]

Estimator forensics and law enforcement [edit]

A recent development for the utilise of a USB Flash Bulldoze as an application carrier is to conduct the Computer Online Forensic Prove Extractor (COFEE) application developed by Microsoft. COFEE is a prepare of applications designed to search for and extract digital evidence on computers confiscated from suspects.[54] Forensic software is required not to alter, in whatever way, the information stored on the computer existence examined. Other forensic suites run from CD-ROM or DVD-ROM, simply cannot store data on the media they are run from (although they can write to other attached devices, such as external drives or memory sticks).

Updating motherboard firmware [edit]

Motherboard firmware (including BIOS and UEFI) can exist updated using USB wink drives. Usually, new firmware image is downloaded and placed onto a FAT16- or FAT32-formatted USB wink drive connected to a arrangement which is to be updated, and path to the new firmware image is selected within the update component of organisation's firmware.[55] Some motherboard manufacturers are also allowing such updates to be performed without the demand for inbound system's firmware update component, making information technology possible to easily recover systems with corrupted firmware.[56]

Also, HP has introduced a USB floppy bulldoze key, which is an ordinary USB flash drive with additional possibility for performing floppy drive emulation, allowing its usage for updating system firmware where direct usage of USB flash drives is not supported. Desired way of operation (either regular USB mass storage device or of floppy drive emulation) is made selectable past a sliding switch on the device's housing.[57] [58]

Booting operating systems [edit]

Almost current PC firmware permits booting from a USB drive, allowing the launch of an operating system from a bootable flash drive. Such a configuration is known as a Live USB.[59]

Original flash memory designs had very express estimated lifetimes. The failure mechanism for wink memory cells is analogous to a metal fatigue mode; the device fails by refusing to write new data to specific cells that have been subject to many read-write cycles over the device's lifetime. Premature failure of a "live USB" could be circumvented past using a flash drive with a write-lock switch as a WORM device, identical to a live CD. Originally, this potential failure way express the use of "live USB" organization to special-purpose applications or temporary tasks, such as:

  • Loading a minimal, hardened kernel for embedded applications (e.thou., network router, firewall).
  • Bootstrapping an operating system install or disk cloning operation, frequently across a network.
  • Maintenance tasks, such equally virus scanning or low-level data repair, without the chief host operating system loaded.

As of 2011[update], newer flash retention designs have much higher estimated lifetimes. Several manufacturers are at present offer warranties of 5 years or more. Such warranties should make the device more than attractive for more than applications. Past reducing the probability of the device's premature failure, wink retentivity devices can now exist considered for use where a magnetic deejay would normally take been required. Flash drives have also experienced an exponential growth in their storage capacity over time (following the Moore's Law growth curve). Every bit of 2013, unmarried-packaged devices with capacities of 1 TB are readily available,[sixty] and devices with 16 GB chapters are very economical. Storage capacities in this range have traditionally been considered to offer adequate space, because they allow plenty infinite for both the operating system software and some free space for the user's data.

Operating system installation media [edit]

Installers of some operating systems can exist stored to a flash drive instead of a CD or DVD, including various Linux distributions, Windows 7 and newer versions, and macOS. In particular, Mac OS X ten.vii is distributed only online, through the Mac App Store, or on flash drives; for a MacBook Air with Boot Camp and no external optical bulldoze, a flash bulldoze can exist used to run installation of Windows or Linux.

However, for installation of Windows vii and subsequently versions, using USB flash drive with hard disk drive emulation as detected in PC's firmware is recommended in society to boot from it. Transcend is the only manufacturer of USB flash drives containing such feature.

Furthermore, for installation of Windows XP, using USB wink drive with storage limit of at most 2 GB is recommended in gild to kicking from it.

Windows ReadyBoost [edit]

In Windows Vista and later versions, ReadyBoost feature allows flash drives (from iv GB in case of Windows Vista) to broaden operating organization retention.[61]

Application carriers [edit]

Flash drives are used to carry applications that run on the host computer without requiring installation. While whatsoever standalone application tin can in principle be used this way, many programs store data, configuration information, etc. on the hard drive and registry of the host calculator.

The U3 company works with drive makers (parent visitor SanDisk besides equally others) to evangelize custom versions of applications designed for Microsoft Windows from a special flash drive; U3-compatible devices are designed to autoload a menu when plugged into a figurer running Windows. Applications must exist modified for the U3 platform not to go out any data on the host machine. U3 also provides a software framework for independent software vendors interested in their platform.

Ceedo is an culling product, with the key divergence that it does not require Windows applications to be modified in lodge for them to be carried and run on the drive.

Similarly, other awarding virtualization solutions and portable application creators, such equally VMware ThinApp (for Windows) or RUNZ (for Linux) can be used to run software from a flash bulldoze without installation.

In October 2010, Apple tree Inc. released their newest iteration of the MacBook Air, which had the system'southward restore files contained on a USB hard bulldoze rather than the traditional install CDs, due to the Air not coming with an optical bulldoze.[62]

A wide range of portable applications which are all free of accuse, and able to run off a computer running Windows without storing anything on the host figurer's drives or registry, can exist found in the list of portable software.

Fill-in [edit]

Some value-added resellers are now using a flash drive equally function of small-business turnkey solutions (e.g., point-of-sale systems). The drive is used as a backup medium: at the close of business each nighttime, the drive is inserted, and a database backup is saved to the bulldoze. Alternatively, the bulldoze can be left inserted through the business organization 24-hour interval, and data regularly updated. In either case, the bulldoze is removed at dark and taken offsite.

  • This is simple for the end-user, and more likely to be washed.
  • The drive is small-scale and user-friendly, and more likely to be carried off-site for safety.
  • The drives are less fragile mechanically and magnetically than tapes.
  • The chapters is often big enough for several fill-in images of critical data.
  • Flash drives are cheaper than many other backup systems.

Wink drives as well take disadvantages. They are easy to lose and facilitate unauthorized backups. A bottom setback for flash drives is that they have only one tenth the capacity of hard drives manufactured around their time of distribution.

Password Reset Disk [edit]

Countersign Reset Disk is a feature of the Windows operating system. If a user sets up a Password Reset Disk, it tin can be used to reset the password on the computer it was set upward on.

Audio players [edit]

A contemporary pollex bulldoze styled solid-land digital audio player (Sony Walkman B180 Series)

Many companies make small solid-state digital audio players, essentially producing flash drives with audio output and a simple user interface. Examples include the Creative MuVo, Philips GoGear and the first generation iPod shuffle. Some of these players are true USB flash drives as well as music players; others do not support general-purpose data storage. Other applications requiring storage, such as digital vox or sound recording, can also be combined with flash bulldoze functionality.[63]

Many of the smallest players are powered by a permanently fitted rechargeable battery, charged from the USB interface. Fancier devices that role as a digital audio player have a USB host port (type A female typically).

Media storage and marketing [edit]

The High german band Wizo's Stick EP, released in 2004, was the first album released on a USB stick.

Digital audio files can be transported from one computer to another like whatever other file, and played on a compatible media role player (with caveats for DRM-locked files). In improver, many home How-do-you-do-Fi and car stereo caput units are now equipped with a USB port. This allows a USB flash drive containing media files in a variety of formats to be played directly on devices which back up the format. Some LCD monitors for consumer HDTV viewing have a dedicated USB port through which music and video files can besides be played without use of a personal calculator.

Artists have sold or given away USB flash drives, with the offset case believed to be in 2004 when the High german punk ring Wizo released the Stick EP, just as a USB drive. In addition to five high-bitrate MP3s, it likewise included a video, pictures, lyrics, and guitar tablature.[64] Afterward, artists including Nine Inch Nails and Kylie Minogue[65] take released music and promotional fabric on USB flash drives. The first USB anthology to be released in the UK was Kiss Does... Rave, a compilation anthology released by the Buss Network in April 2007.[66]

Make and production promotion [edit]

The availability of inexpensive flash drives has enabled them to be used for promotional and marketing purposes, particularly within technical and computer-industry circles (e.yard., technology trade shows). They may exist given abroad for free, sold at less than wholesale price, or included as a bonus with another purchased production.

Usually, such drives will exist custom-stamped with a visitor's logo, as a form of ad. The drive may exist blank, or preloaded with graphics, documentation, spider web links, Flash blitheness or other multimedia, and free or demonstration software. Some preloaded drives are read-merely, while others are configured with both read-only and user-writable segments. Such dual-partition drives are more expensive.[67]

Flash drives can be prepare upwardly to automatically launch stored presentations, websites, articles, and any other software immediately on insertion of the drive using the Microsoft Windows AutoRun characteristic.[68] Autorunning software this way does non work on all computers, and it is commonly disabled by security-witting users.

Arcades [edit]

In the arcade game In the Groove and more commonly In The Groove ii, wink drives are used to transfer high scores, screenshots, trip the light fantastic edits, and combos throughout sessions. As of software revision 21 (R21), players can also shop custom songs and play them on whatsoever machine on which this feature is enabled. While use of flash drives is common, the drive must be Linux compatible.

In the arcade games Pump it Up NX2 and Pump it Upward NXA, a especially produced flash drive is used as a "relieve file" for unlocked songs, as well every bit for progressing in the WorldMax and Brain Shower sections of the game.

In the arcade game Trip the light fantastic toe Dance Revolution X, an exclusive USB flash bulldoze was made by Konami for the purpose of the link feature from its Sony PlayStation 2 analogue. However, any USB flash drive can be used in this arcade game.

Conveniences [edit]

Flash drives use piddling ability, have no delicate moving parts, and for nearly capacities are small and light. Data stored on flash drives is impervious to mechanical shock, magnetic fields, scratches and dust. These backdrop brand them suitable for transporting data from identify to place and keeping the information readily at hand.

Wink drives also store information densely compared to many removable media. In mid-2009, 256 GB drives became available, with the ability to hold many times more data than a DVD (54 DVDs) or even a Blu-ray (x BDs).[69]

Flash drives implement the USB mass storage device class so that most modern operating systems can read and write to them without installing device drivers. The flash drives present a simple cake-structured logical unit to the host operating system, hiding the private complex implementation details of the diverse underlying flash retention devices. The operating organisation tin can use whatsoever file organisation or block addressing scheme. Some computers tin boot up from flash drives.

Specially manufactured flash drives are available that have a tough rubber or metal casing designed to be waterproof and well-nigh "unbreakable". These flash drives retain their retention after being submerged in h2o, and even through a car wash. Leaving such a wink bulldoze out to dry completely earlier assuasive current to run through it has been known to upshot in a working drive with no time to come issues. Channel Five's Gadget Show cooked one of these flash drives with propane, froze information technology with dry ice, submerged it in various acidic liquids, ran over information technology with a jeep and fired it against a wall with a mortar. A company specializing in recovering lost data from reckoner drives managed to recover all the data on the drive.[70] All information on the other removable storage devices tested, using optical or magnetic technologies, were destroyed.

Comparison with other portable storage [edit]

Punched cards in storage at a U.Southward. Federal records centre in 1959. All the data visible here could fit on a single flash drive.

Tape [edit]

The applications of current data tape cartridges hardly overlap those of wink drives: on tape, toll per gigabyte is very low for big volumes, but the individual drives and media are expensive. Media have a very high capacity and very fast transfer speeds, but store data sequentially and are very tedious for random access of data. While disk-based backup is at present the primary medium of choice for most companies, tape backup is nonetheless popular for taking data off-site for worst-case scenarios and for very large volumes (more than a few hundreds of TB). Come across LTO tapes.

Floppy deejay [edit]

Size comparison of a flash bulldoze and a 3.5-inch floppy disk. The flash bulldoze can hold about 11,380 times more data.

Floppy disk drives are rarely fitted to modern computers and are obsolete for normal purposes, although internal and external drives can be fitted if required. Floppy disks may be the method of choice for transferring data to and from very old computers without USB or booting from floppy disks, and so they are sometimes used to change the firmware on, for instance, BIOS chips. Devices with removable storage like older Yamaha music keyboards are also dependent on floppy disks, which require computers to process them. Newer devices are congenital with USB flash bulldoze back up.

Floppy deejay hardware emulators exist which effectively utilize the internal connections and physical attributes of a floppy disk drive to use a device where a USB wink drive emulates the storage infinite of a floppy disk in a solid state course, and can be divided into a number of individual virtual floppy disk images using individual data channels.

Optical media [edit]

The diverse writable and re-writable forms of CD and DVD are portable storage media supported by the vast majority of computers as of 2008. CD-R, DVD-R, and DVD+R can be written to but once, RW varieties upwards to about one,000 erase/write cycles, while modernistic NAND-based flash drives often final for 500,000 or more than erase/write cycles. DVD-RAM discs are the virtually suitable optical discs for data storage involving much rewriting.

Optical storage devices are among the cheapest methods of mass data storage afterwards the hard drive. They are slower than their wink-based counterparts. Standard 120 mm optical discs are larger than wink drives and more than subject field to impairment. Smaller optical media do exist, such as business card CD-Rs which take the same dimensions as a credit bill of fare, and the slightly less convenient just higher capacity lxxx mm recordable MiniCD and Mini DVD. The small discs are more than expensive than the standard size, and practice not work in all drives.

Universal Deejay Format (UDF) version 1.l and above has facilities to support rewritable discs like sparing tables and virtual allocation tables, spreading usage over the unabridged surface of a disc and maximising life, just many older operating systems practice not support this format. Packet-writing utilities such as DirectCD and InCD are available only produce discs that are non universally readable (although based on the UDF standard). The Mount Rainier standard addresses this shortcoming in CD-RW media by running the older file systems on top of it and performing defect direction for those standards, merely information technology requires support from both the CD/DVD burner and the operating system. Many drives made today do non support Mount Rainier, and many older operating systems such equally Windows XP and below, and Linux kernels older than 2.6.2, do not support it (subsequently versions do). Substantially CDs/DVDs are a good fashion to record a great deal of information cheaply and take the reward of beingness readable by well-nigh standalone players, but they are poor at making ongoing small changes to a big collection of information. Flash drives' power to practice this is their major reward over optical media.

Flash retentiveness cards [edit]

3 dissimilar Micro Eye-branded digital media, showing a USB flash bulldoze, an SD carte, and a Micro-SD card, all having a capacity of 8 GiB, next to a U.S five-cent money for size comparison

Wink memory cards, e.g., Secure Digital cards, are available in diverse formats and capacities, and are used by many consumer devices. However, while nigh all PCs have USB ports, allowing the employ of USB flash drives, retentivity card readers are not commonly supplied as standard equipment (particularly with desktop computers). Although inexpensive card readers are available that read many common formats, this results in two pieces of portable equipment (card plus reader) rather than ane.

Some manufacturers, aiming at a "all-time of both worlds" solution, take produced card readers that approach the size and form of USB flash drives (e.k., Kingston MobileLite,[71] SanDisk MobileMate[72]) These readers are express to a specific subset of memory card formats (such as SD, microSD, or Retentivity Stick), and oftentimes completely enclose the card, offer durability and portability approaching, if not quite equal to, that of a flash drive. Although the combined price of a mini-reader and a retentiveness menu is unremarkably slightly college than a USB wink bulldoze of comparable capacity, the reader + carte du jour solution offers boosted flexibility of use, and virtually "unlimited" chapters. The ubiquity of SD cards is such that, circa 2011, due to economies of scale, their price is now less than an equivalent-capacity USB wink drive, even with the added cost of a USB SD bill of fare reader.

An boosted advantage of memory cards is that many consumer devices (eastward.g., digital cameras, portable music players) cannot make use of USB flash drives (even if the device has a USB port), whereas the memory cards used by the devices can be read by PCs with a menu reader.

External hard disk [edit]

Particularly with the appearance of USB, external hard disks have get widely available and inexpensive. External hard disk drives currently price less per gigabyte than wink drives and are available in larger capacities. Some hard drives support alternative and faster interfaces than USB two.0 (east.g., Thunderbolt, FireWire and eSATA). For consecutive sector writes and reads (for case, from an unfragmented file), well-nigh hard drives tin can provide a much higher sustained data rate than current NAND wink memory, though mechanical latencies seriously bear on hard drive performance.

Unlike solid-land memory, difficult drives are susceptible to damage by stupor (e.g., a short fall) and vibration, have limitations on use at high altitude, and although they are shielded by their casings, they are vulnerable when exposed to stiff magnetic fields. In terms of overall mass, hard drives are ordinarily larger and heavier than flash drives; withal, hard disks sometimes weigh less per unit of storage. Like flash drives, difficult disks as well endure from file fragmentation, which can reduce admission speed[ commendation needed ].

Obsolete devices [edit]

Sound tape cassettes and high-capacity floppy disks (e.g., Imation SuperDisk), and other forms of drives with removable magnetic media, such every bit the Iomega Zippo bulldoze and Jaz drives, are now largely obsolete and rarely used. There are products in today's marketplace that will emulate these legacy drives for both tape and disk (SCSI1/SCSI2, SASI, Magneto optic, Ricoh Cypher, Jaz, IBM3590/ Fujitsu 3490E and Bernoulli for example) in country-of-the-art Meaty Wink storage devices – CF2SCSI.

Encryption and security [edit]

As highly portable media, USB flash drives are hands lost or stolen. All USB flash drives can accept their contents encrypted using third-party disk encryption software, which can oftentimes be run directly from the USB drive without installation (for instance, FreeOTFE), although some, such equally BitLocker, crave the user to have authoritative rights on every computer information technology is run on.

Archiving software can achieve a similar effect by creating encrypted Nix or RAR files.[73] [74]

Some manufacturers have produced USB flash drives which utilize hardware-based encryption equally part of the design,[75] removing the demand for 3rd-party encryption software. In limited circumstances these drives accept been shown to have security problems, and are typically more than expensive than software-based systems, which are bachelor for gratuitous.

A minority of flash drives back up biometric fingerprinting to confirm the user's identity. As of mid-2005[update],[ needs update ] this was an expensive alternative to standard password protection offered on many new USB flash storage devices. Near fingerprint scanning drives rely upon the host operating organisation to validate the fingerprint via a software driver, often restricting the drive to Microsoft Windows computers. However, there are USB drives with fingerprint scanners which use controllers that allow access to protected information without any authentication.[76]

Some manufacturers deploy physical authentication tokens in the grade of a flash drive. These are used to control access to a sensitive system past containing encryption keys or, more normally, communicating with security software on the target machine. The organisation is designed then the target machine will not operate except when the wink bulldoze device is plugged into it. Some of these "PC lock" devices also function as normal flash drives when plugged into other machines.

Controversies [edit]

Criticisms [edit]

Failures [edit]

Like all flash retentiveness devices, flash drives tin sustain only a express number of write and erase cycles before the drive fails.[77] [ unreliable source? ] [78] This should be a consideration when using a wink drive to run awarding software or an operating arrangement. To accost this, as well as infinite limitations, some developers take produced special versions of operating systems (such as Linux in Live USB)[79] or commonplace applications (such as Mozilla Firefox) designed to run from flash drives. These are typically optimized for size and configured to place temporary or intermediate files in the estimator'southward main RAM rather than store them temporarily on the flash drive.

When used in the same mode as external rotating drives (difficult drives, optical drives, or floppy drives), i.due east. in ignorance of their engineering, USB drives' failure is more likely to exist sudden: while rotating drives can fail instantaneously, they more frequently give some indication (noises, slowness) that they are about to fail, often with enough advance warning that information can be removed before total failure. USB drives give little or no advance warning of failure. Furthermore, when internal clothing-leveling is practical to prolong life of the flash drive, one time failure of even part of the memory occurs it tin be difficult or incommunicable to use the rest of the bulldoze, which differs from magnetic media, where bad sectors can be marked permanently not to be used.[lxxx]

Virtually USB flash drives practise not include a write protection mechanism. This feature, which gradually became less common, consists of a switch on the housing of the bulldoze itself, that prevents the host computer from writing or modifying data on the drive. For example, write protection makes a device suitable for repairing virus-contaminated host computers without the gamble of infecting a USB flash drive itself. In contrast to SD cards, write protection on USB flash drives (when bachelor) is connected to the drive circuitry, and is handled by the drive itself instead of the host (on SD cards handling of the write-protection notch is optional).

A drawback to the small physical size of flash drives is that they are easily misplaced or otherwise lost. This is a particular problem if they contain sensitive data (run across information security). Equally a consequence, some manufacturers have added encryption hardware to their drives, although software encryption systems which can be used in conjunction with any mass storage medium will accomplish the same result. Most drives tin can be fastened to keychains or lanyards. The USB plug is usually retractable or fitted with a removable protective cap.

Robustness [edit]

Nearly USB-based flash engineering science integrates a printed circuit board with a metal tip, which is only soldered on. As a result, the stress bespeak is where the two pieces join. The quality control of some manufacturers does non ensure a proper solder temperature, further weakening the stress point.[81] [82] Since many wink drives stick out from computers, they are probable to be bumped repeatedly and may intermission at the stress indicate. Most of the time, a break at the stress signal tears the joint from the printed circuit board and results in permanent damage. Still, some manufacturers produce unimposing flash drives that do not stick out, and others use a solid metal or plastic uni-body that has no easily discernible stress betoken. SD cards serve equally a good alternative to USB drives since they tin can be inserted flush.

Security threats [edit]

USB killer [edit]

In advent like to a USB flash drive, a USB killer is a circuit that charges upwards capacitors to a loftier voltage using the power supply pins of a USB port and then discharges high voltage pulses onto the data pins. This completely standalone device can instantly and permanently harm or destroy whatever host hardware that it is continued to.[83]

"Flash Drives for Freedom" [edit]

The New York-based Human Rights Foundation collaborated with Forum 280 and USB Retentivity Direct to launch the "Flash Drives for Freedom" program.[84] [85] The program was created in 2016 to smuggle wink drives with American and South Korean movies and television shows, as well as a re-create of the Korean Wikipedia, into Democratic people's republic of korea to spread pro-Western sentiment.[86] [87]

Current and future developments [edit]

The internals of a 32 GB Toshiba USB iii.0 wink drive. The USB 3.0 standard is becoming increasingly popular. This drive has a write speed of 60 MB/south and a read speed of 120 MB/s, making it faster than the USB 2.0 standard.

Semiconductor corporations have worked to reduce the toll of the components in a flash drive by integrating various flash drive functions in a single chip, thereby reducing the role-count and overall package-toll.

Wink drive capacities on the market increase continually. High speed has go a standard for mod flash drives. Capacities exceeding 256 GB were available on the market equally early as 2009.[69]

Lexar is attempting to introduce a USB FlashCard, which would exist a compact USB flash drive intended to supercede various kinds of flash memory cards. Pretec introduced a similar carte du jour, which also plugs into whatever USB port, simply is only one quarter the thickness of the Lexar model.[88] Until 2008, SanDisk manufactured a product called SD Plus, which was a SecureDigital menu with a USB connector.[89]

SanDisk has also introduced a new technology to allow controlled storage and usage of copyrighted materials on flash drives, primarily for use by students. This technology is termed FlashCP.

See likewise [edit]

  • List of computer hardware
  • Memristor
  • Microdrive
  • Nonvolatile BIOS memory
  • Portable awarding
  • ReadyBoost
  • Sneakernet
  • Solid-state drive (SSD)
  • USB dead drib
  • USB Flash Bulldoze Alliance
  • Windows To Become
  • Disk enclosure
  • External storage

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Jumpdrive is a Lexar trademark.[ii] Less common names are deejay key, disk on key (later the original M-Systems DiskOnKey drive from 2000),[3] flash stick, gig stick, memory stick (non to be dislocated with the Sony Retention Stick), pen drive, USB bulldoze, USB key, USB memory, or USB stick. For an incomplete list of alternative names, see the list of redirects to this article.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_flash_drive

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